Southern blotting application Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Southern blotting application - Assignment Example A labeled DNA sequence is usually an RFLP probe that hybridizes with either a single or multiple fragments of the digested DNA sample after separation by gel electrophoresis resulting to showing a unique blotting pattern attributed to a genotype that is specific to a locus. RFLP probes are usually short, single or low copy genomic DNA or cDNA clones. Application of RFLP probes are usually used in variation analysis such as in paternity tests, ping and diagnosis of hereditary diseases. RFLP probes are also used in genome mapping. RFLPs are detected by using restriction enzyme that can recognize and fragment a sample of DNA where there is a specific short sequence. This step is known as restriction enzyme digestion. Single nucleotide polymorphisms can either create or destroy restriction endonuclease recognition sites therefore affecting the length and the quantity of DNA fragments resulting from restriction enzyme digestion. Agarose gel electrophoresis separates the resulting DNA fragments and transferred to a membrane through a Southern blot procedure. The membrane is a paper like matrix made up of nitrocellulose and usually has a slight positive charge. The fragment lengths that are complementary to the RFLP probes and are considered as alleles in genetic analysis is determined by the hybridization of the membrane to the labeled DNA probe (National Center for Biotechnology Information ). In developing RFLP probes, a methylation sensitive enzyme digests the total DNA thus enriching the library for sequences that are single or low copy expressed. The digested DNA is size fractionated on preparative agarose gel and excision, elusion and cloning into plasmid vector of is done. The digested plasmids are consequently screened for inserts. Total sheared DNA can be used to probe southern blots of the inserts to select clones that can hybridise to single and low copy sequences. Genomic DNA of different genotypes

National Museum of the Philippines Essay Example for Free

National Museum of the Philippines Essay Located at Padre Burgos Street, Manila City, sat the two branches of The National Museum of the Philippinesthe National Gallery of Art and the Museum of the Filipino People, where we went first. As we enter the hallway that leads to the first floor exhibits, we were greeted by a native Nipa hut complete with things that our ancestors used in the past. That same floor also houses the San Diego wreck site though it is a restricted area. We then went up to the next floor where it features the coming of the Spaniard merchant vessels in our country, our contacts with the other countries in terms of trade and commerce, as well as the Linnaeus and the Linnaeans. At the third floor, there were three galleries: The Origin (Pinagmulan), where it presents information on the origin of the Philippines and its people. It retold the story of how the Filipinos lived during the four pre-historic periodPaleolithic; Neolithic; Metal; and Ceramic Age. The second gallery is the Filipinos Today (Kinahinatnan), which features the diversion of our culture because of the influences of different countries and how colorful and beautiful it is. The last gallery is the Archaeological Treasures (Kaban ng Lahi), that showcases the burial jar collection and the importance of burial practice. The last floor was divided into two galleries. First one is the Kisame: Visions of Earth on Heaven that exhibits tons of photographs of ceiling paintings from Bohol colonial churches. It obviously displayed the religiosity of the Filipinos. The last gallery is all about the Biodiversity Exhibit, which shows the various flora and fauna in the country. After a couple of hours in the Museum of the Filipino People, we headed to National Gallery of Art. Although it is under renovation, it still welcomed visitors for free! The first gallery is called â€Å"The Hall of Masters† as it features the works of 19th century Filipino painters, Juan Luna and Felix Hidalgo. The main attraction is the very famous Spolarium by Luna and opposite to it is Hidalgo’s â€Å"The Assasination of Governor Bustamante and his son†. As we move to the second floor, there is the fantastic Bones Exhibit. It displayed the skeletal remains of different animals—from mammals (including that of a human) to reptiles, to crustaceans and birds—that can be seen in the Philippines. At the center of the gallery is the humongous bone of a juvenile sperm whale. The last gallery on the third floor features the clothing of native Filipinos, and how it was made. REACTION: It was actually my first time to visit these museums and I was really glad that I already had the chance to. Although we spent almost five hours around the museum, I personally regret nothing. Every bit is worth the time. Seeing all those exhibits renewed my nationalistic heart and I’m more proud now to be a Filipino, realizing that we have tons of artistic countrymen and that there works are worthy of admirations. I’m also more aware now of our culture and how colorful it really is. I was really happy to see how our ancestors lived and how it evolved to our current lifestyle. I realized that why patronize foreign culture if you have your own that is way fun, right?

Comparing Beowulf and Gilgamesh :: comparison compare contrast essays

A Comparison of Beowulf and Gilgamesh       There are many differences and critical comparisons that can be drawn between the epics of Beowulf and Gilgamesh.   Both are historical poems which shape their respected culture and both have major social, cultural, and political impacts on the development of western civilization literature and writing.   Before any analysis is made, it is vital that some kind of a foundation be established so that a further, in-depth   exploration of the complex nature of both narratives can be accomplished.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The epic of Gilgamesh is an important Middle Eastern literary work, written in cuneiform on 12 clay tablets about 2000 BC. This heroic poem is named for its hero, Gilgamesh, a tyrannical Babylonian king who ruled the city of Uruk, known in the Bible as Erech (now Warka, Iraq). According to the myth, the gods respond to the prayers of the oppressed citizenry of Uruk and send a wild, brutish man, Enkidu, to challenge Gilgamesh to a wrestling match. When the contest ends with neither as a clear victor, Gilgamesh and Enkidu become close friends. They journey together and share many adventures. Accounts of their heroism and bravery in slaying dangerous beasts spread to many lands.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When the two travelers return to Uruk, Ishtar (guardian deity of the city) proclaims her love for the heroic Gilgamesh. When he rejects her, she sends the Bull of Heaven to destroy the city. Gilgamesh and Enkidu kill the bull, and, as punishment for his participation, the gods doom Enkidu to die. After Enkidu's death, Gilgamesh seeks out the wise man Utnapishtim to learn the secret of immortality. The sage recounts to Gilgamesh a story of a great flood (the details of which are so remarkably similar to later biblical accounts of the flood that scholars have taken great interest in this story). After much hesitation, Utnapishtim reveals to Gilgamesh that a plant bestowing eternal youth is in the sea. Gilgamesh dives into the water and finds the plant but later loses it to a serpent and, disconsolate, returns to Uruk to end his days.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This saga was widely studied and translated in ancient times. Biblical writers appear to have modeled their account of the friendship of David and

Professional Development Plan Essay

My professional plan is to grow as a nurse by gaining knowledge through school and my daily experiences, so in five years I can care for patients and families as a nurse practitioner. I will make short term and long term goals to help guide me down my path as I transition into the role of professional nurse; providing me with new opportunities for my future. Beliefs and values influences the decisions people make in their personal and professional life. My beliefs and values were incorporated to make my philosophy of nursing, that is to be an advocate for my patients’ and their family during their most vulnerable time, continuing my education to provide the best quality care available and taking a holistic approach by looking at the person as a whole; caring for their body, mind, and spirit (Chitty, 2007 p. 312). I believe nursing is an evidence based practice, the care provided to patients and family have been proven through research to be the safest most effective way to implement care. My values which mold my beliefs have been acquired throughout my life from the people around me and my experiences. My values and beliefs will continue to change as I get older, have more experiences in my profession and further my education in nursing. One of my short term goals is to finish my baccalaureate degree in nursing. In terms of advancing professionalism, research was recently published, (Morris & Faulk, 2007), in which nurses were found to have increased professionalism and growth in roles and values after attending an ADN to BSN program. That is what I am striving to achieve while going through the BSN program. I plan on taking each class one at a time, trying to do my best, and gain the knowledge needed to grow in my field. By August 2009, I should have my BSN which will provide me with new opportunities such as management and educator positions; this degree will also provide me the opportunity to further my education to a master’s level. My second short term goal will begin this summer, that is to initiate the evidence based practice, EBP, project on my progressive care unit, PCU, at Banner Good Samaritan Medical Center, BGSMC. Several of my coworkers and I are currently gathering information on research that suggests that providing patients and their families with written and oral information on the side effects of their medications will improve patient satisfactory scores in a acute care setting. We meet together regularly, learning as a team how to initiate EBP into the workplace. Then possibly in the future we will publish our findings. By fall of 2009 I plan on starting the Masters of Science in Nursing/Family Nurse Practitioner program at the University of Phoenix so I will be able to sit for the national boards certifying exam by the end of 2012. Once I complete the requirements I must submit the documentation to the Arizona State Board of Nursing. I then plan on working for an interventional cardiologist, which will give me the opportunity to work in both the hospital and office setting. Income is not the sole reason for my desire to advance in my profession but it is important to note that the U.S. Census Bureau 2000 data show that income levels rise as educational levels rise (Katz, Carter, Bishop and Kravitz, 2004). Income will enable me to continue my education and to obtain other goals in my future such as going to law school and traveling around the world. When discussing a professional development plan people have to keep in mind a persons support system, resources available to them, their work ethics and what is needed to succeed. While one may be able to fulfill his or her goals without one or more of these things, adversities can deter many from following plans they set forth. Support and understanding from my family and friends would be a significant tool in helping me achieve my goals. It may also be useful to have mentors help to guide me along my chosen path to success. Financial assistance will also be needed to continue on with my learning process. Self-discipline, further education and experience are also required to be successful in my future role as an FNP. Self-discipline and time management skills are crucial to have in our fast pace speed of lives’ today. It becomes increasingly important in the students’ life to use time wisely. Students may have to overcome several hurdles and barriers along the way. It is important to be able to identify these issues; it is the first step to overcoming them. Barriers may be financial, time restraints or lack of support from family and friends; having the knowledge how to overcome these barriers and having backup plans is what makes the difference between meeting your goal versus abandoning the goal. If faced with any of these barriers I will try to have a positive outlook and attitude, I will try to look on the bright side. Michaud (2002) observed that one’s ability to bounce back from disaster and loss depends on the person’s ability to use resiliency skills to conjure up positive emotions when he or she is challenged severely. I will monitor my stress level and use relaxation techniques specific to me and my needs if necessary in order to avoid abandoning the goals that I have set. In conclusion, putting together a professional plan is an important step to obtaining desired outcomes. According to Alexander Graham Bell (2001) â€Å"before anything else preparation is the key to success†. Values and beliefs will change over time, which will influence your original plan to formulate new goals, when this occurs a person must revaluate the resources available and challenge themselves to meet new goals. I will evaluate my plan to ensure I am staying on task meeting my goals that I have set forth so I will be successful in my future. Reference Bell, A. G. (2001). _Quoteland._ Retrieved March 15, 2008, from http://www.quoteland.com/topic.asp?CATEGORY_ID=447 Chitty, K. K. (2007). _Professional Nursing Concepts & Challenges (5th ed.)._ St. Louis: Elsevier Inc. Retrieved March 15, 2008, from University of Phoenix Library. Katz, J., Carter, C., Bishop, J. & Kravitz, S. (2004). _Keys to Nursing Success (2nd ed.)._ Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. Michaud E. (2000). There’s a secret to recovering from great adversity. The scientists who study it, and the people who’ve done it, share it with you. _Prevention Magazine_ (June). Retrieved March 15, 2008, from Proquest database. Morris, A., & Faulk, D. (2007). Perspective transformation: Enhancing the development of professionalism in RN-to-BSN students. _Journal of Nursing Education,_ 46(10), 445-51. Retrieved March 15, 2008, from Ebscohost database.

In Murmuring Judges, David Hare uses Barry to represent the stereotypical bent policemen that were seen as typical in the late 1980s and early 90s

In Murmuring Judges, David Hare uses Barry to represent the stereotypical ‘bent’ policemen that were seen as typical in the late 1980s and early 90s. Through Barry, Hare shows not only corruption in the police force, as evidenced by Barry planting the Semtex, but also suggests that the police were overworked and under budgeted, â€Å"too much overtime†. Here, Hare shows the dichotomy of sympathy for the police alongside corruption, as he shows Barry to be trying to do is job in difficult times, however, the overarching role of Barry is to show corruption and immorality in policing. Throughout the play, Hare shows the effect of the 1984 Criminal Evidence Act, intended to make policing more about paperwork, and shows how the police feel it is undermining their job; â€Å"we should all just sit in the nick and make policy drafts† highlights how this has changed the nature of policy. Barry is presented as against this, and continues to use older methods of policing, â€Å"It’ my method. † Through this, Hare portrays police corruption, as Barry’s methods are often immoral and even illegal. Hare also presents Barry to see some crimes as â€Å"boring† and â€Å"pointless†, which suggests he is only interested in crimes he can get a good result for, such as bringing down Travis and Fielding in Gerard McKinnon’s crime. Hare also shows Barry to think police resources are wasted by saying â€Å"and yet look at us†, highlighting his personal frustration as again shown by â€Å"please tell me, what is the point? † Interest, Barry seemingly has the same perception of lawyers as the audience have through Sir Peter, suggesting they are â€Å"rich bastards† who participate in â€Å"tax evasion†. It could then be argued that Barry feels justified in his corruption, as the government is also corrupt, â€Å"the government happily lets rich bastards walk away with†. â€Å"You used to be smart† suggests Barry wasn’t always corrupt, which again suggests his actions are due to his frustration at the justice system. The relationship between Barry and Sandra gives the audience insight into both Barry’s character and feelings towards women at the time. Although there is a difference in rank between the pair, DC to PC, Barry is never shown to treat men in a lesser position with the same patronising manner he uses towards Sandra. Here, Hare portrays sexism within the police at the time, which is furthered by Sandra and Barry’s affair, as it could be argued that Sandra is stereotypically ‘sleeping her way to the top’. Hare shows Barry to â€Å"get a kick out of secrecy†, which is in reference to his affair but is also evidenced in his corruption, as no-one else is portrayed in this manner. The fact that Barry is shown to be â€Å"relieved at the change of subject† from his corruption could suggest that he is ashamed, as he is â€Å"able to relax† once they are discussing something else. However, Barry’s lack of personal morals as highlighted in his relationship with Sandra, â€Å"I waited for you†¦I had a rugby match†, which suggests a general disregard could be used to argue that Barry most likely is indifferent about having planted the Semtex. This representation of the police as reckless and immoral suggests Hare views the police in a negative light as they would allow innocent men to go to prison, as shown by Gerard. This was undoubtedly influenced by high profile cases such as the Guilford Four or the Birmingham Six, where men were unjustly sent down for bombings. I did my trick. It always works† suggests the extent of Barry corruption, implying he has framed people before, but more importantly, he knows he can get away with it, through which Hare shows the dangers of immorality in the police. â€Å"You should go on Mastermind† in reference to Barry shows that he is a respected figure in amongst the officers, with which Hare coul d suggest that Barry was in a position to spread corruption throughout the force, as he is admired by the lower ranks. Hare uses this again to highlight the danger of immorality and corruption in the police. Earlier, Barry is also presented as part of the ‘boys club’, as Hare shows banter between the male officers, â€Å"I was conducting an interview†¦ with the barmaid†¦ horizontally†, suggesting that Barry is one of the ‘lads’. Increasingly, Barry is presented as a misogynist and a racist throughout the play, not only towards Sandra but also towards Irina and Gerard. This attitude is shown through the dialogue between Barry and Irina on pg101; â€Å"I don’t take lectures† towards Irina suggests he sees her as beneath him. However, Hare also uses this scene to strengthen the presentation of Barry’s disliking towards lawyers, as shown by â€Å"when was the last time anyone was sick on your wig†, which suggests Barry sees lawyers as out of touch with the real job of justice. This is furthered by â€Å"why don’t you go sit on a committee, ironic as Irina does exactly that at the end of the play, which shows Barry to believe lawyers to be bossy, and â€Å"something-must-be-done’rs†, as Beckett describes them, but ultimately to be useless. At the end of the play, as earlier mentioned, Irina decides to try and change the justice system; in contrast, Barry is presented as exactly the same, as he is still frustrated at the system, â€Å"if they spent half the time trying to support the coppers†. In the earlier scene, Hare portrays Jimmy as out of the club, which is highlighted by Barry saying â€Å"English sense of humour†, again showing Barry to be part of a very, male dominated system. Hare also presents Barry as casually racist here, as there is no evidence that Jimmy is not English, an attitude which is also shown by Barry towards Gerard, â€Å"he was kind of Irish†, a reference to the negative view of the Irish at the time due to the IRA. This also shows the system to be casually racist, as we see that because Gerard is Irish, it is much more believable that he would plant explosives. Hare shows this to be wrong through his portrayal of Gerard, who is hugely different from the stereotype of a criminal. To a lesser extent, police corruption is also shown by Barry’s treatment of Keith, as Barry is suggested to have â€Å"promised him a caution† suggesting Barry was using bribery to get Keith to cooperate. Overall, despite the suggestion of sympathy for Barry as someone trying to do a difficult job, Barry is largely presented as everything Hare dislikes about the police, as he is shown to be racist, corrupt, immoral and misogynistic. Hare uses Barry as an example of wider police corruption, suggesting that Barry isn’t an isolated case but the whole system is corrupt. Barry is juxtaposed against Sandra who is shown to be conscientious and willing to make a difference. However, Hare presents all characters trying to make the system better as isolated and seen as inferior, as shown with Irina, whilst Barry is shown as ‘one of the boys’, overall suggesting that people like Barry will ultimately continue with â€Å"their method† whilst Sandra and such will fail to make a difference. This representation is shown to be the worn outcome for Hare, who is a supporter of change but this represents the reality of policing at the time.

The Medias Effect on Underage Alcohol Abuse essays

The Medias Effect on Underage Alcohol Abuse essays The Medias Effects on Underage Drinking The use of alcohol is a major aspect of our society. It is used in religious ceremonies, during socialization, and its presence is seen everywhere. Second only to caffeine, more people drink alcohol than any other substance. It appears in many forms such as beer, wine, and hard liquor. It has been praised, denounced, accepted, and outlawed in the past century alone. The effects of alcohol are numerous. From drunk driving accidents to fetal alcohol syndrome, from liver disease to the increased chance of sexually transmitted disease, alcohols reach is widespread. Alcohol contributes to 100,000 deaths annually, making it the third leading cause of preventable mortality in the United States (McGinnis, p. 2208). As well, 41% of all traffic fatalities, the leading cause of accidental death, are alcohol-related (NHTSA, sec 4. p.1). Underage drinking is a major problem in our society. Thirty-four percent of all high school seniors have had a drink in the past month (Johnston, p. ). As well, 1.2 million of these seniors are binge drinkers. (CASA, 1997). In eight grade, 1 million students admit they have been drunk (CASA, 1997). In 1996, nine million drinkers were under the age of twenty-one, and that number has increased since. Approximately two thirds of teenagers who drink can purchase their own beverages (HHS, p. 1). Even worse, people who begin drinking before age fifteen quadruple their chances of developing alcoholic tendencies (NIAAA, P. 1). Knowing this, the fact that 38.1% of children age fourteen have had a drink is quite disturbing. Everyone admits that it is a problem, and how widespread and dangerous it is, but no one really tackles the problem at hand. They blame it on parents, bad teaching, and more commonly peer pressure. Something had to first influence their peers to influence them. The excuse that people are more like to drink if their parents...

Free Essays on Understanding Islam

This paper is about the book Understanding Islam written by Thomas W. Lippman. The book explains the basics beliefs and practices, Muhammad, the Koran, Law and Government, and Islam today. I chose to discuss three main themes, Zakat, the alms-tax, law and government, and the role of women in Islam. The first theme is Zakat, one of the five pillars of faith, stands for the alms-tax. The alms-tax is a mandatory donation to charity every Muslim must make. In the Islamic religion they strongly believe that the rich should give to the less fortunate. This is stated in the Koran; however the Koran does not specify how much should be given. The most common donation expected of a Muslim is 2.5 percent of the amount of cash and individual holds in savings or investments for a year. I think the Zakat is a good concept to have in one’s religion. It’s good because the money is actually going to the poor not the government or your church. Also 2.5 percent is not an unreasonable amount to ask for. A lot of people don’t give to charity and I think that more people should. If more people gave to charity then maybe the poor would have enough money or clothes to keep warm for the winter. The second theme is the law and government of Islam. One big difference between the United States and Islamic countries is the separation of church and state. This separation does not exist in Islamic countries because they believe their religion is also a way of life and should be the law of the land. Many of the laws come from prophets, such as Muhammad. An example of a law coming from Muhammad is, â€Å"Every Muslim has six obligations toward his fellow Muslim: he greets him whenever they meet; answers his call; wishes him well when he sneezes; visits him when he is ill; follows in his funeral when he dies; and wishes for him what he wishes for himself. These are some of the kinds of laws they have. Also they have rules for theft, murder and adu... Free Essays on Understanding Islam Free Essays on Understanding Islam This paper is about the book Understanding Islam written by Thomas W. Lippman. The book explains the basics beliefs and practices, Muhammad, the Koran, Law and Government, and Islam today. I chose to discuss three main themes, Zakat, the alms-tax, law and government, and the role of women in Islam. The first theme is Zakat, one of the five pillars of faith, stands for the alms-tax. The alms-tax is a mandatory donation to charity every Muslim must make. In the Islamic religion they strongly believe that the rich should give to the less fortunate. This is stated in the Koran; however the Koran does not specify how much should be given. The most common donation expected of a Muslim is 2.5 percent of the amount of cash and individual holds in savings or investments for a year. I think the Zakat is a good concept to have in one’s religion. It’s good because the money is actually going to the poor not the government or your church. Also 2.5 percent is not an unreasonable amount to ask for. A lot of people don’t give to charity and I think that more people should. If more people gave to charity then maybe the poor would have enough money or clothes to keep warm for the winter. The second theme is the law and government of Islam. One big difference between the United States and Islamic countries is the separation of church and state. This separation does not exist in Islamic countries because they believe their religion is also a way of life and should be the law of the land. Many of the laws come from prophets, such as Muhammad. An example of a law coming from Muhammad is, â€Å"Every Muslim has six obligations toward his fellow Muslim: he greets him whenever they meet; answers his call; wishes him well when he sneezes; visits him when he is ill; follows in his funeral when he dies; and wishes for him what he wishes for himself. These are some of the kinds of laws they have. Also they have rules for theft, murder and adu...

How to Write a Good Literature Review Paper

How to Write a Good Literature Review Paper How to Write a Good Literature Review Paper A literature review can differ from other assignments, but it is basically a review, which defines the rationale and the preface regarding the primary research. It is essential that a literature review be included since it is mandatory in a research paper. The basic objective is to examine, while being very critical, a part of a published source from its classification, summary, and assessment by using previous research studies, theoretical studies, and assessment of literature. Meanwhile, while writing the introduction, the scholar needs to define the main topic, the problem or the area or concern, which would give the necessary background for a literature review. The student needs to mention the basic trends which have been written about the topic; or evidence, methodology, conflicts in theory, and conclusions; or scholarship and gaps in research; or different view of immediate interest, or a unique problem. Moreover, the writer’s opinion and point of view needs to be established, the scope, the sequence, and the criterion for analyzing the literature needs to be mentioned. Once you move to the body, you need to combine research articles and different sorts of literature such as case studies, theoretical articles, and reviews, which should all have common factors, such as objectives, author’s conclusions, quantitative versus qualitative approach etc. The writer should summarize all the individual articles, and components, which may include small or large amounts of details, depending on merit. Keep in mind that the length of writing signifies its importance. You need to give the reader well balanced information, and structure in the beginning, body, and conclusion so that there is sufficient comprehension of the knowledge provided. While drafting the conclusion, sum up the main contributions of the important studies, and incorporate them into the main body of the thesis draft, while making sure that the focus and theme created in the beginning of the dissertation is maintained in the writing of the draft. You then need to analyze the existing state of the art regarding the body of information, which has been reviewed. Pick out the main methodological gaps, or errors, while carrying out the research, irregularities in the findings and in theory, and issues and areas which are essential for future study. Conclude the paper by giving some of ideas of the link between the main essence of the literature review and the superior area of study, for example, the profession, scientific endeavor and the discipline. The student needs to make sure that the main elements of the topic are covered, and that the thesis statement is relevant to the text written in the draft. Moreover, there needs to be sufficient attention given to the minor concerns such as good grammar free of mistakes, and correct sentence structure. Also, complete the paper well before the deadline so that there is sufficient time to proofread the paper and make sure that it is in a perfect condition before it is submitted. You can also order such a paper online to find out how a proper literature review paper looks like, and save yourself a lot of stress concerned with reviewing and studying guides. Do not hesitate to ask our service for literature review writing help provided by professionals!

Response Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 10

Response Paper - Essay Example The author stops in the middle of the woods and is unsure for sure whose land it is but thinks that he or she knows. (One can only assume that the narrator is a ‘he’ since it seems to be written from Frost’s own perspective). The person who owns it will assumedly not see the author stop his horse in the middle of the woods to watch it snow. He indicates that his horse probably thinks it is a bit odd to come to a halt in the middle of nowhere and in the middle of the night. The horse reacts almost as if to question if the author is sure that it is time to be stopping. It is quiet and peaceful as he or she sits there and watches. However, the author has to start back up. He states he has promises to keep and indicates that he has a long journey ahead of him before he or she may go to sleep though it is already in the darkest part of the night. Despite the author’s hesitance to leave the silence and peacefulness of the woods, he still must trudge on through th e snow to get to his destination. This particular poem by Frost appear to be a narrative because it tells the story of a certain event in the form of poetry. The way that this is able to be determined is pretty straightforward as it reads just like a little short story. The author writes it as if they are an eyewitness to what is going on at a particular instant in time. The poem does have a rhyming scheme. It is written as four stanzas that are almost completely identical. Every line is iambic and there are four syllables that are stressed. Within each stanza, the first, second and fourth lines all rhyme. Even though the third line does not rhyme, it sets up the rhyming pattern for the following stanza. The only part of the poem where this pattern is broken is in the last stanza where the first, second and third lines all rhyme and the fourth line is repetitive of the third line stating, â€Å"And miles to go before I sleep.† The mood of the poem is

An Evolutionary View of the Style of Pablo Picasso Research Paper

An Evolutionary View of the Style of Pablo Picasso - Research Paper Example The essay "An Evolutionary View of the Style of Pablo Picasso" investigates the influential artist Pablo Picasso. Unlike many artists both before and after his time, Picasso differentiated his works into a series of periods which exhibited a number of unique thematic elements and worked to exploit common beliefs and motives. One such period was what art critiques have categorized Picasso’s â€Å"Blue Period†. As the name implies, during this time, Picasso painted a host of paintings which relied almost exclusively on varying monochromatic tones and shades of blue and blue-green. Although more than just a reliance on a particular type of paint, this period was also defined by the thematic sterility and coldness that it portrayed. In this way, Picasso used the medium of the paint to transform images that might typically be understood another way into images that bore a somber, cold, and realistically touching reality. Accordingly, this brief analysis will seek to apprecia te and understand Picasso’s â€Å"Blue Period† for the thematic elements, personal influences, and times in which this particular artwork was created. Picassso’s â€Å"Blue Period† is interesting beyond merely the thematic elements or the type of paints used to express these due to the fact that the â€Å"Blue Period† began when Picasso himself sank into what many scholars term a â€Å"deep depression". As a result of many of the life experiences that Picasso shared during the turn of the century to include his more complete grasp of his own mortality. ... Picasso struggled to sell them to an audience that was put off by their innately melancholy and cheerless subject matter. Many art critics have inferred incorrectly that Picasso’s incorporation of the underprivileged in society during this period was due to the fact that he himself was poor during this time and sought a way to reflect on the plight and situations associated with his fellow man. This however is not the case as it was the subject matter and the means in which Picasso approached it that sealed his fate with regards to the demand for his paintings and the subject matter with which he dealt during the â€Å"Blue Period†. Although many paintings of this period focus on the melancholy and sadness that Picasso felt as a result of his lost friend, Casagemas, another recurring theme throughout these paintings is in regards to the blindness and loss of sight that many of the characters exhibit within his works. It is the understanding of this author as well as a h ost of more talented art critics that this fixation with loss of sight and blindness helps to depict the depression and lack of vision that Picasso was experiencing during this time. Additionally, rather than choosing to focus his energies on typifying the plight of the extraordinary man/woman, Picasso chose for his subject matter the drunk, the prostitute, the nobody, and the everyman. In this way, the resounding emptiness that afflicts a faceless humanity is aptly expressed to the viewer in a way that a focus on a recognizable societal group or individual would not be. As the years progressed, Picasso, himself somewhat famous within the art community in Paris prior to 1901 began to fade into a type of

Branding Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Branding - Research Proposal Example With a clear level of branding architecture, an organization can decide on the level of branding that will receive the greatest support and emphasis. In addition, the organisation can also establish and define the relations between the various brands in the organisation. Branding has moved into the daily lives of individuals in the Western societies affecting more sectors than ever before as the competition for audiences among companies intensifies (Owen, 1993). Branding is no longer a concept limited to companies, as there has been a rise of the practice in universities and other institutions. However, as branding becomes a mainstream practice and concept, it risks being misinterpreted and misunderstood. This is because branding is not only creating a logo and graphics to represent a company, person, or country (Healey, 2008). Branding is encompassed by the perceptions of the reputation as well as the tangible look and feel of the company, service, product, individual, or country (H estad, 2013). It relates to the behaviour of the company as well as the customer experience. Therefore, the concept of branding, applies to aspects that are within and outside the organisation. Consumers usually generalize their attitudes and perceptions across services and products based on two key factors (Hansen & Christensen, 2004). These factors are the impression they form on product attributes and the credibility of the country of origin of a brand or product (Hansen & Christensen, 2004). The product attributes include value of money and product quality while the credibility of the country of origin of a product is based on the individual’s familiarity of the country of origin of the product. These two factors are responsible for the creation of a favourable perception in a consumer that influences them to purchase and use a particular product or brand. The challenge, however, is the formation of stereotypes that are responsible for influencing individuals’

Design the Training Plan Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Design the Training Plan - Research Paper Example Indeed, ADDIE has been very useful to determine how the knowledge, skills, and abilities of the employees would be enhanced that would be suitable to the cultural values imposed by the Hilton hotel (Thomas, Mitchell, & Joseph, 2002; Chevalier, 2011). With ADDIE, trainers for Hilton staff of Texas will need to improve their assertiveness, time management, initiative, and open-mindedness skills that were used as a basis for the training design and development. After completing the 5 scenarios. Participants will be divided into five groups with eleven members each. The members of the group will line up face to face and fold their folders that would be connected to the folders of their co-members. The folders of the members would serve as bridge to let the egg surpass from one folder to the other as the group members could walk and catch the eggs until they would reach the finish line. Â   The situation is that the world is in danger as it is infected with deadly toxic wastes and this will destroy the world in a matter of time if it will not be neutralized. The challenge for the participants is to transfer the balls (toxic waste) from the small bucket to the large bucket, for neutralization. However, there is a radiation circle surrounding the two buckets and must maintain a distance away from it. If a participant will go beyond that circle he/she will suffer a severe injury or death. It is in the hands of the group to save the planet within 20 minutes or else everybody will be doomed. This is an indoor activity. Participants are divided into partners by counting them off by two. Let the partners decide who will be number one and who will be number two. The participants who are number one will be lead out of the room and have them blindfolded. The blindfolded participants are called the casualty of war and they are stuck in a field of mines. But they don’t need to worry because their partners will going to rescue

An interview with a Safety Manager Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

An interview with a Safety Manager - Essay Example fety and Health Policy statement should set forth the purpose and philosophy of the company, delineate the program’s goal and assign responsibility for all company personnel (Reese, 2003). Once the policy is set, responsibility to implement and supervise the same should be assigned to an individual. This in no way should relieve management from its commitment or the supervisors and employees from their responsibilities to enforce and adhere to the company’s health and safety requirements. Discipline is an integral part of implementing safety measures in a company. Employees should be strictly overseen as complying with these measures and failure of this will result in failure of the entire health and safety effort. Some companies take a further step in their discipline policy resulting in time off without pay for limited days followed by dismissal on the next offense (Reese, 2003). The first line supervisor is effectively the key to good occupational safety and health efforts. The supervisors should be held responsible for their safety performance as well as the performance of their crews. One of the most effective methods of implementing safety measures is through motivation to work in a safe manner. Data indicate that 85 to 90 percent of accident causes are likely the result of unsafe behavior. The aim should be to provide an environment where employers are induced to motivate themselves as well as their employees. Delegating more responsibilities to employees boost morale, inspiration to account one’s own behavior at the workplace, peer pressure, incentives and rewards when least expected, etc. are some methods of motivation (Reese, 2003). The Occupational Safety and Health Act have brought a restructuring of programs and activities relating to safeguarding the health of the worker. OSHA requires employers to protect their employees from workplace hazards such as machines, procedures at the workplace and harmful substances. Companies encourage employees

Death penalty Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Death penalty - Term Paper Example Following an unsuccessful attempt by a foreign passenger to set off explosives on an airplane in the U.S., public outrage led to pressure to extend the federal death penalty to such crimes. The President has asked for an opinion regarding the constitutionality and the appropriateness of the death penalty for crimes that do not involve actual killing. I am working as one of the staff of the Attorney General of the United States. The Attorney General has asked me to draft a memo that spells out the policy arguments on both sides of the issue and then make a recommendation. This memo is prepared to submit to the president of United States which analyses both the sides of death penalty issue and argues against death penalty. Moreover, this memo provides recommendations to the President about the alterative options to death penalty. â€Å"The death penalty is the ultimate, irreversible denial of human rights† (Death Penalty, 2009). Unlike many other modes of punishment, death penal ty cannot be reversed once it is executed. The core philosophy of American criminal justice system is that not even a single criminal should be punished even if thousands of criminals escaped. Under such circumstances, it is quite possible that an innocent person could be given death penalty based on circumstantial evidences. It is possible for smart criminals to fabricate evidences which are pointing towards innocent people at the crime spots. Thus, instead of original culprit an innocent person may face death penalty. Life is the most important thing in this world and so science or technology succeeded in creating an artificial life form in a laboratory set up. In other words, the secrets behind life are still unknown to us. Only the creator has the moral authority to make changes in his creations. Capital punishment is the most an expensive way of punishing a criminal; so it should be prohibited. It is estimated that the cost needed for executing a death penalty is around 70% mor e than other punishments because of the necessities of the services of expert advocates, forensic testing, witnesses, investigating officers etc. In 1989, the state of Florida executed 42-year-old Ted Bundy. Bundy confessed to 28 murders in four states. During his nine years on death row, he received three stays of execution. Before he was put to death in the electric chair, Bundy cost taxpayers more than $5 million (Capital Punishment - The Costs Of Capital Punishment, 2011) The purpose of death penalty is to avoid threats from hard core criminals to innocent people in future. The innocent people or the tax payers forced to spend millions of dollars for punishing a criminal which is illogical especially when we consider that the objectives of death penalty can be obtained through cheaper options like life sentencing. Death penalty is not suitable for a civilized society like ours since it reduces the gap between the criminal and criminal justice system. A criminal who kills a perso n and the criminal justice system which execute a criminal are doing the same activity of taking the life. Even though the circumstances are different, the outcomes are the same. Delfino & Day (2008) have pointed out that â€Å"In the United States, death penalty is said to serve two principal social purposes: retribution and deterrence of capital crimes by prospective offenders† (Delfino & Day, 2008, p.1). Taking revenge for a crime is not a good philosophy to current generation. America is a Christian

An interview with a Safety Manager Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

An interview with a Safety Manager - Essay Example fety and Health Policy statement should set forth the purpose and philosophy of the company, delineate the program’s goal and assign responsibility for all company personnel (Reese, 2003). Once the policy is set, responsibility to implement and supervise the same should be assigned to an individual. This in no way should relieve management from its commitment or the supervisors and employees from their responsibilities to enforce and adhere to the company’s health and safety requirements. Discipline is an integral part of implementing safety measures in a company. Employees should be strictly overseen as complying with these measures and failure of this will result in failure of the entire health and safety effort. Some companies take a further step in their discipline policy resulting in time off without pay for limited days followed by dismissal on the next offense (Reese, 2003). The first line supervisor is effectively the key to good occupational safety and health efforts. The supervisors should be held responsible for their safety performance as well as the performance of their crews. One of the most effective methods of implementing safety measures is through motivation to work in a safe manner. Data indicate that 85 to 90 percent of accident causes are likely the result of unsafe behavior. The aim should be to provide an environment where employers are induced to motivate themselves as well as their employees. Delegating more responsibilities to employees boost morale, inspiration to account one’s own behavior at the workplace, peer pressure, incentives and rewards when least expected, etc. are some methods of motivation (Reese, 2003). The Occupational Safety and Health Act have brought a restructuring of programs and activities relating to safeguarding the health of the worker. OSHA requires employers to protect their employees from workplace hazards such as machines, procedures at the workplace and harmful substances. Companies encourage employees

Motivation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Motivation - Essay Example His vision is geared to improve the existing working dynamics within his organization as well as to properly scrutinize the effects of productivity as per the domains of the organization. Rewarding employees for the sake of motivation could work wonders for them since these employees are mostly dependent on fiscal and economic upheavals within their lives. If the entrepreneurial firm understands these concerns, it would not be wrong to suggest that growth and development within such reins would happen in a very quick way. The employees will understand the fact that the organization is sincere towards their working basis and hence it makes all the more reason for them to remain loyal and dedicated as per the cause of the entrepreneurial firm itself. This will thus form a symbiotic relationship – where each of the stakeholders within the organization itself will look to provide benefit to the other party (Brewer, 2000). An entrepreneurial firm must be proactive in its approach towards motivating its own employees as this will manifest its attachment with the work processes, business realms and so on. If this firm does not pay proper heed towards the concerns of the employees and has no interest in motivating them on a consistent basis, it is a given that the employees will either start taking their work for granted or would leave their respective jobs and pursue their careers elsewhere. An entrepreneurial firm cannot afford such inactions and needs to devise policies and mechanisms through which growth levels could be further boosted (Wright, 2001). This can however exponentially increase and in a dramatic way if motivation comes about in full circle. If the rewards are in monetary terms, the employees appreciate the concern shown by the organization itself. Also at times, promotions and other incentives like bonuses, added privileges, etc are given to the employees who in essence get

Mental Imagery Vividness Essay Example for Free

Mental Imagery Vividness Essay Abstract This review examined the hypothesis that mental imagery vividness can be used as a predictor of hallucinatory experience. Earlier studies provided supporting evidences to this hypothesis, showing hallucinating population has higher mental imagery vividness comparing to nonhallucianting population. However, as a result of varied operationalization and measurements of mental imagery, contradicting results abound, showing no significant difference of mental imagery vividness between halluciantors and nonhallucinators. No clear evidences can be used to determine whether the hypothesis is valid or not so far. On the other hand, development of neurological studies provided a new perspective for looking into the relationship between mental imagery and the experience of hallucination. Keywords: mental imagery vividness, hallucination, schizophrenia Mental Imagery Vividness as a Predictor of Hallucination: A Literature Review Mental imagery, as defined by Finke (1989), is an experience significantly resembling that of perceiving, but it occurs in the absence of an adequate physical stimulus. It exists in all of the seven sensory modalities, such as visual, auditory, and olfactory (Thomas, 1999). Mental imagery is believed to be in close relationship with some core psychological mechanisms such as perception and memory, and holding its unique role in contributing to cognitive performance (Kosslyn, 1994). For example, evidences suggested that visual imagery ability predicts visuospatial memory performance (Kail, 1997). Hallucination is an experience that largely resembles mental imagery, because of its perceptual nature as well as absence of appropriate stimuli (Sack, Van de Ven, Etschenberg, Schatz, Linden, 2005). Nevertheless, the two distinguish from each other by the individual’s ability of voluntary control, as well a s his/her ability to determine the source of the experience. Specifically, mental imagery is generally regarded as being actively generated and can be intentionally controlled, while hallucination is most times beyond intention and control. The operator of mental imagery is usually aware of its internal source, while not necessarily so hallucinator. (Bentall, 1990). Hallucination, especially the form of auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH), is an important hallmark of schizophrenia (Wible, 2009). AVH is the perception of voices in the absence of sensory input. AVH has distinct clinical significance, as it affects about 70% of patients with schizophrenia (Sartorius et al., 1978; Silbersweig Stern, 1996). Furthermore, there have been increasing evidences supporting that hallucination is not a rare case in non-clinical population, either. It is now believed to exist on a spectrum from comparably innocuous forms in non-clinical population to a more pathological manifestation in schizophrenics (see review by Bentall, 1990). Because of its significant implication in psychopathology, continuous work has been going on to find out the risk factors and predictors for hallucination. The relationship between mental imagery and hallucination has interested researchers for long because of their shared features. Among all the characteristics of mental imagery that are potentially related with hallucination, vividness has been most substantively examined. This review summarized theories and empirical evidences for the relationship between mental imagery vividness and hallucination. Although still in its budding stage, relevant neurological evidences were also examined. Theoretical Models Vividness of mental imagery can be defined as the degree of perceptual detail experienced when having a mental image (Oertel et al., 2009). It has been associated with hallucination and schizophrenia for decades. In 1883, Galton suggested that increased vividness of mental imagery might be associated with hallucinatory experiences (as cited in Aleman, Bocker, de Haan, 1999). Later in the 20th century, West (1962) and Horowitz (1975) proposed separate models suggesting that hallucinations were mental images derived from internal source, but mistakenly attributed to external source. More specifically, the model suggested that vividness of perception was typically higher than that of mental imagery. As vividness of mental imagery increased, it became more difficult for the individual to decide its source as internal or external, and eventually these images could grow into hallucinatory. This model suggested that mental imagery and hallucination shared fundamental features and were possibly on the same continuum. Johnson and Raye (1981) supported the importance of imagery vividness, stating that memories from internal and external sources could usually be differentiated by comparing the amount of sensory, contextual and semantic attributes of events. Mintz and Alpert (1972) developed their model relevant to mental imagery vividness as well. They proposed that vividness of imagery was not the only factor contributing to hallucination. According to their argument, increased vividness of imagery, and impaired reality testing, referring to the ability to recognize the distortions in one’s own perception, are necessary but not sufficient prerequisites to generation of hallucination. Bentall (1990) summarized predecessors’ work and introduced the concept of â€Å"reality discrimination† – the idea that â€Å"hallucinators mistake their own inte rnal, mental, or private events for external, publicly observable events†. They stated that one type of information used in the reality discrimination process was the amount of sensory information present in conscious: rich sensory information implied a perception being experiences, while poor sensory information implied a mental imagery. Following this argument, individuals who have the propensity to construct images rich in sensory details are more likely to experience their internal imagery as a perception experience, and thus resulting in hallucination. Barrett (1993) provided empirical evidences in support of the above hypothesis, yet he also pointed out some questions of the model. He argued that it was unclear where the locus of the imagery effects was. The imagery vividness discrepancy between individuals with and without hallucinations could be the result of either storage or retrieval difference of sensory information. Specifically, it could be that hallucinators were able to store more abundant sensory information than nonhallucinators; and it could also be that hallucinators were better at retrieving sensory information than nonhallucinators, with same storage capacity. Despite of some questioning opinions, there are very limited direct theoretical dissents or alternative models. Holt (1972) is one of the very few that he argued that hallucination and mental imagery involved independent systems and should not correlate with each other. However, this is not saying that the hypotheses of mental imagery vividness and hallucination have not been subject to scrutinize. A large amount of researchers have attempted to verify or disprove these hypotheses through empirical evidences. Below is an incomplete summary of the empirical studies that are relevant. Empirical Evidences Evidences in Support Mintz and Alpert (1972) provided empirical evidences in support of their own hypothesis. Their study found that auditory hallucinating schizophrenics had a significantly higher vividness of auditory mental imagery comparing to non-hallucinating controls. They also identified an impaired ability to assess the accuracy of auditory perceptions in hallucinating schizophrenics. Similar results were presented by other studies. Barrett (1993) found that nonclinical subjects with hallucinations had higher vividness of mental imagery, and at the same time, had lower control of these images comparing to nonclinical subjects without hallucinations. Barrett’s (1993) study differed from that of Mintz and Alpert (1972) in the sense that he assessed mental imagery vividness on all seven sensory modalities, with one single factor emerged after factor analysis – general imagery vividness factor. In another study by Bocker (2000), no group difference in perceptual acuity was identified between the schizophrenia group and the normal controls, suggesting perceptual degradation is not a reason for hallucination. For the hallucinating schizophrenia patients, the vividness for visual imagery was significantly lower than control, while that for auditory imagery was not. Although the decreased visual mental imagery contradicted with earlier studies, the relatively high auditory mental imagery ability suggested the possibility that auditory imagery for hallucinating patients was more percept-like and thus harder to differentiate, which is in line with the fact that most of the patients experienced hallucinations in auditory modality. Evidences in Contradiction Brett and Starker (1977) found no significant difference of auditory mental imagery vividness between hallucinating schizophrenics, nonhallucinating schizophrenics medical patients with no history of psychiatric problems. Starker and Jolin (1982) also found no significantly different vividness strength of auditory mental imagery between schizophrenics, possible schizophrenics, or nonschizophrenic psychiatrics, nor between schizophrenic subgroups of currently hallucinatory, previously hallucinatory, or nonhallucinatory. In fact, Starker and Jolin (1982) suggested that hallucinating schizophrenics might actually have less vivid auditory imagery than schizophrenics who had never hallucinated. Aleman et al.’s (1999) study revealed interesting results. In their study, hallucinating subjects reported higher imagery vividness than nonhallucinating controls when subjective (self-report) scales were used to measure vividness. However, the pattern was reversed (i.e. hallucinating subjects demonstrated lower mental imagery vividness) when objective measure was used. Van de Ven and Merckelbach (2003) examined the mental imagery vividness and fantasy proneness in non-clinical population with and without hallucination experiences. They found that although subjects with hallucination scored higher on mental imagery vividness than subjects without such experiences, their imagery vividness was highly correlated with their fantasy proneness. Further analysis indicated that hallucination experience was better predicted by fantasy proneness, comparing to mental imagery vividness. Sack and his colleagues (2005) incorporated in their study measures sensitive to cognitive capacity, in order to rule it out as a confounding variable. Their results showed that paranoid schizophrenics reported higher vividness of mental imagery in comparison to age- and sex-matched healthy controls, controlling for general intelligence and psychomotor speed of the subjects. More importantly, the higher imagery vividness of paranoid schizophrenics was not statistically dependent of the patients’ individual psychopathology, including the presence of hallucinations. The authors thus argued that mental imagery could be an independent trait marker of schizophrenia, and it operated on a separate system with hallucination for schizophrenics. Sack and colleagues (2005) also found that patient group performed worse on tasks that require involvement of mental imagery processes, which could indicate an impaired overall mental imagery ability. However, this performance deficit could be attributed to general cognitive capacity deficit. In comparison, Doninger, Silipo, Rabinowics, Snodgrass and Javitt (2001) conducted a study with a task that was more purely targeted at mental imagery ability without time constraint. Their results also revealed worse performance from schizophrenia patients comparing to healthy controls. Results of these studied implied the possibility that group difference in vividness of mental imagery is not due to an enhancement of mental imagery abilities, but to altered information processing. Oertel and colleagues (2009) conducted a further study to address the question that whether vividness of mental imagery is a trait marker of the schizophrenia spectrum (i.e. including non-clinical population with schizophrenia-like traits – schizotypy) that is independent of presence of hallucination. Subjects include schizphrenia patients, first-degree relatives of schizophrenics, as well as high- and low-schizotypy healthy controls. Results showed significantly higher mental imagery vividness across all modalities in schizophrenics, first-degree relatives, as well as high-schizotypy controls comparing to low-schizotypy controls, with cognitive abilities controlled. In replication of Sack et al.’s work, this study also revealed that the vividness of mental imagery and hallucinations were independent of each other. Results also indicated that first-degree relatives obtained highest score in vividness, and high-schizotypy controls’ score did not differ significantly from that of schizophrenia patients. The results strengthened Sack et al.’s (2005) argument that vivid imagery is a trait marker of schizotypyrather, and could be related to the genetic liability to develop schizophrenia. However, longitudinal studies including premorbid data are required for further investigation. Bell and Halligan (2010) repeated Oertel et al.’s study on high- and low-schizotypy population with a larger sample size, yet with a different measure of schizotypy and a specific assessment of visual mental imagery. Their results revealed no significant difference on visual mental imagery vividness between the two groups. Explanation for Results Variation Although large variations exist across different studies, it is not justified to say whether the hypothesis of high mental imagery vividness predicts hallucination has been rejected or not. The main reason for failing to do so is that procedures, especially the measures of mental imagery, of these studies varies a lot, thus leaving considerable space for alternative explanations. Specifically, some of the measures were subjective scale (i.e. self-report), while some of the measures were objective (i.e. behavioral tasks). On the other hand, some of the measures assess mental imagery vividness of a single sensory modality, while some of them assess mental imagery vividness as a whole across all seven sensory modalities. S ubjective Measure vs. Objective Measure of Mental Imagery Kosslyn, Brunn, Cave and Wallach (1984) had presented an insignificant relation between performance on an objective task of visual imagery acuity and a self-report imagery vividness measure, indicating that subjective and objective measures of imagery vividness may not be necessarily measuring the same constructs and/or processes. Aleman et al. (1999) pointed out that objective and subjective mental imagery measures could yield contradictory results within the normal population. This distinction could be true for clinical population as well. For example, Mintz and Alpert (1972) utilized subjective measures (suggestion paradigms or self-report measures) and obtained the finding of an association between increased mental imagery and hallucinations, while Bocker et al. (2000) used a more objective mental imagery task, resulting in insignificant difference of mental imagery performance between patients and controls. Aleman et al. (1999), who generated contradicting results of subjective and objective measures in one study, summarized the disadvantages of subjective and objective measures. For subjective measures, the process of introspection is involved, which is an ability varied across individuals, and can be especially impaired in hallucinating and/or schizophrenia populations. Also, the effect of social demand could influence a subject’s self-report, depending on how the concept of mental imagery vividness is interpreted. Subject’s idiosyncratic definition of imagery vividness also heavily impact his/her self-report. For objective measures, tasks are not real-life resembling, which can fail to evaluate one’s true capacity in daily life. In addition, commonly used objective measures fail to purely target at the vividness of mental imagery alone, other processes such as conceptualization and reasoning are in effect as well. In addition, the contents of cued mental images could largely vary across individuals. Standardized scoring procedure fail to take into account these confounding processes and experiences, indicating that high imagery vividness does not guarantee a high score as it is designed to, and vice versa. General Mental Imagery vs. Single Sensory Modality Mental Imagery Barrett (1993) introduced the idea of general imagery vividness factor. If that is a valid factor, then measurement of general mental imagery vividness and measurement of single sensory modality imagery vividness could be more different than the mere part-whole relationship. Mintz and Alpert (1972) measured auditory imagery vividness only, and Barrett (1993) measured general mental imagery vividness. These two studies both resulted in significant difference of imagery vividness between halluciantors and controls. However, Brett and Starker (1977) and Starker and Jolin (1982) both measured auditory only imagery vividness and resulted in no significant difference between hallucinators and controls. In addition, in replication of Oertel’s (2009) study, Bell and Halligan (2010) changed the general imagery vividness measure to a visual-specific mental imagery measure, and their results differed from that of Oertel et al.. Bell and Halligan (2010) proposed that vividness per se might not be modality specific, and this argument is in line with the modality-independent salience dysregulation theories of psychosis and the psychosis continuum (Murray, Lappin, Di Forti., 2008). Neurological Evidence Despite of the fact that neurological evidences for mental imagery and hallucination experiences did not start to bloom until late 20th century (Linden et al., 2010) and that there is no specific neurological evidence for mental imagery vividness’s relationship with hallucination, this session is included as it provides new perspectives on how experiences of mental imagery and hallucination overlap. Evidences from earlier studies suggested that imagery and hallucinations were associated with overlapping neural networks (Allen, Laroi, McGuire, Aleman, 2008). McGuire et al. (1995) and Shergill et al. (2001) found that auditory mental imagery and auditory hallucination were involved with overlaps in fronto temporal language circuits. In terms of the main difference between hallucination and mental imagery – voluntary controllability, Linden et al. (2011) speculated that it was generated from the altered forward model of sensory productions. Forward model (Wolpert, Ghahramani, Jordan, 1995) stated that perceptual consequences were predicted upon known actions, and the prediction in turn influenced the actual experience of the self-generated action. The forward model could be in effect in speech production. According to it, self-generated speech is subject to prediction of resulted sensory experience. This hypothesis was partially supported by Linden et al.’s (2011) study. They found that the voice-selective area on the banks of superior temporal sulcus (STS) was consistently activated during auditory hallucination and voluntary auditory mental imagery. This area had been regarded as reacting to external sensory stimulation only, but it was later speculated of having been monitoring the self-generated speech in mental imagery and hallucination. Linden et al. (2011) identified in their study that the monitoring and modulating functioning of relevant auditory regions were disturbed in nonclinical hallucinators, resulting in the likelihood of attributing internally generated speech to external sources. These budding evidences suggested that hallucination and mental imagery indeed share fundamental neural networks and do not operate on completely distinctive systems. However, detailed examinations of the activity of these neural networks in terms of different features of mental imagery and hallucination, as well as differed neural system contributing to their differences are still in need. Conclusion Mental imagery vividness has interested researchers for long because of their potential relationship with the experience of hallucination. However, empirical studies have resulted in contradicting results. Earlier studies proposed that increased vividness of mental imagery is a predictor of hallucination, and they have found that higher mental imagery vividness was related with hallucination experiences. Nevertheless, many of the later replications with various methodological modifications failed to reproduce any significant relationship. Because of the variations of measurement of mental imagery vividness, it is hard to decide whether the hypothesis of the relationship between mental imagery vividness and hallucination can be rejected or not. The development of neuroscience based study methods provided a new perspective of testing the hypothesis. Current neurological studies have focused on neural activity comparison between general mental imagery process and hallucination experience. More specific studies targeting at features of mental imagery and hallucination are needed to provide a higher-level understanding of the relationship between the two experiences. Reference Aleman, A., Bocker, K.B.E., de Haan, E.H.F. (1999). Disposition towards hallucinations and subjective versus objective vividness of imagery in normal subjects. Personality and Individual Differences, 27, 707-714. Allen, P., Laroi, F., McGuire, P., Aleman, A. (2008). The hallucinating brain: a review of structural and functional neuroimaging studies of hallucinations. Neuroscience Biobehavioral Reviews, 32, 175-191. Barrett, T.R. (1993). Verbal hallucinations in normals, II: Self-reported imagery vividness. Personality and Individual Differences, 15, 61-67. Barrett, T. R., Etheridge, J. B. (1992). Verbal hallucinations in normals, I: People who hear ‘voices’. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 6, 379-387. Bell, V., Halligan, P. W. (2009, April). Additional data on whether vividness of visual mental imagery is linked to schizotypal traits in a non-clinical population [Letter to the editor]. Psychiatry Research, 178, 568-569. Bentall, R.P. (1990). The illusion of reality: A review and integration of psychological research on hallucinations. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 82-95. Bocker, K. B. E., Hijman, R., Kahn, R.S., de Haan, E. H. F. (2000). Perception, mental imagery and reality discrimination in hallucinating and non-hallucinating schizo phrenic patients. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 39, 397-406. Brett, E. A., Starker, S. (1977). Auditory imagery and hallucinations. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 164, 394–400. Doninger, G.M., Silipo, G., Rabinowics, E.F., Snodgrass, J.G., Javitt, D.C. (2001). Impaired sensory processing as a basis for object-recognition deficits in schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 1818-1826. Finke, R.A. (1989). Principles of mental imagery. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Holt, R. R. (1972). On the nature and generality of mental imagery. In P. W. Sheehan (Ed.), The function and nature of imagery. New York, NY: Academic Press. Horowitz, M. (1975). Hallucinations: An information processing approach. In R. K. Siegel, L. J. West (Eds.), Hallucinations: Behavior, Experience and Theory (pp.163-196.95). New York, NY: Wiley. Johnson, M. K., Raye, C. L. (1981). Reality monitoring. Psychological Review, 88, 67-85. Kail, R. (1997). Processing time, imagery, and spati al memory. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 64, 67-78. Kosslyn, S.M. (1994). Image and brain: the resolution of the imagery debate. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Kosslyn, S. M., Brunn, J., Cave, K. R., Wallach, R. W. (1984). Individual differences in mental imagery ability: A computational analysis. Cognition, 18, 195-243. Linden, D. E. J., Thornton, K., Kuswanto, C. N., Johnston, S. J., Jackson, M. C. (2011). The brain’s voices: Comparing nonclinical auditory hallucinations and imagery. Cerebral Cortex, 21, 330–337. McGuire, P., Silbersweig, D., Murray, R., David, A., Frackowiak, R. Frith C. (1996). Functional anatomy of inner speech and auditory verbal imagery. Psychological Medicine, 26, 29-38. Mintz, S., Alpert, M. (1972). Imagery vividness, reality testing, and schizophrenic hallucinations. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 79, 310-316. Murray, R.M., Lappin, J., Di Forti, M. (2008). Schizophrenia: from developmental deviance to dopamine dysregulation. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 18, S129-S134. Oertel, V., Rotarska-Jagiela, A., van de Ven, V., Haenschel, C., Grube, M., Stangier, U., Maurer, K., Liden, D. E. J. (2009). Mental imagery vividness as a trait marker across the schizophrenia spectrum. Psychiatry Research, 167, 1-11. Sack, A., Van De Ven, V., Etschenberg, S., Schatz, D., Linden, D. (2005). Enhanced vividness of mental imagery as a trait marker of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 31, 1 -8. Sartorius, N., Jablensky, A., Shapiro, R. (1978). Cross-cultural differences in the short-term prognosis of schizophrenic psychoses. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 4, 102-113. Shergill, S., Bullmore, E., Brammer, M., Williams, S., Murray, R. McGuire, P. (2001). A functional study of auditory verbal imagery. Psychological Medicine, 31, 241-253. Silbersweig, D., Stern, E. (1996). Functional neuroimaging of hallucinations in schizophrenia: toward an integration of bottomup and top-down approaches. Molecular Psychiatry, 1, 367-375. Starker, S., Jolin, A. (1982). Imagery and hallucination in schizophrenic patients. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 170, 448-451. Thomas, N. J. T. (1999). Are theories of imagery theories of imagination? An active perception approach to conscious mental content. Cognitive Science, 23, 207-245. Van de Ven, V., Merckelbach, H. (2003). The role of schizotypy, mental imagery, and fantasy proneness in hallucinatory reports of undergraduate students. P ersonality and Individual Differences, 35, 889–896. West, L. J. (Ed.). (1962). A general theory of hallucinations and dreams. New York, NY: Grune Stratton. Wible, C. G., Lee, K., Molina, I., Hashimoto, R., Preus, A. P., Roach, B. J., Ford, J. 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Concepts of Marriage: Reflective Essay

Concepts of Marriage: Reflective Essay What is marriage? To many marriage is a milestone accomplished over the course of their life, and once achieved, giving them the feeling of being complete. To others, marriage is what makes their relationship official in a way and is what keeps them monogamous to one another. Where a big party, wedding cake, and wedding bands are what make a couple no longer available to anyone else but their spouse. In better terms, the definition of marriage is a legal or formal recognized union of a man and a women or even same sex- as partners in a solid relationship. It seems that the entire concept of marriage has always been here, there, and everywhere. After reviewing videos and material written about marriage, it is clear to see that there are many stand points on the topic. Though many people advocate marriage and preach all that it stands for. Others on the other hand are fighting and argue to get rid of marriage altogether. On one of the videos that was shared in class called, Cancel Marriage consisted of a lengthy video where Merav Michaeli went deep into defining marriage and the true meaning behind husband and wife. Husband ultimately turned out to origin from the word householder or owner, while wife is derived from the terms shame and vulva. It makes you question why from the beginning of marriage, a married couple who have children were only able to carry the fathers name. To go further in to detail and really have a better understanding behind marriage in todays society, as a class we were all to collaborate amongst ourselves to put together a survey in which we could use as an instrument to interview five couples- ten individuals. The task was limited and the questionnaire added up to twenty-four unique and bold questions that the individuals asked could either answer or refuse to answer. Each question consisted of either short answer responses and even long ones. We were instructed not to write any names down and keep all answers given to us confidential and anonymous. Once each of us had the opportunity to put our final survey questionnaire to use, we counted the answers to each question and brought the total to class. Some of the questions involved in the questionnaire where, Do you respect your spouse?, Do you ever think about divorce?, and What is your secret for sustaining your marriage? Explain. No doubt that the result received from the final survey questionnaire were intriguing but the lessons learned from the responses and the event altogether was what we all walked away with. Some lessons about the survey method that even though we all had our own questions in mind to contribute, it took a while for the survey to be put together and finalized. The lesson behind this struggle taught us to think outside the box and be open to other peoples viewpoints. The lesson learned the topic stood out to us because marriage is something that has crossed our minds at least once before and we learned that even though you may not relate to a topic because you are not married, does not mean you cant connect to the topic and work together to find answers. Of course, many of us were able to take away important factors that contribute to a strong research process. If asked what lesson I learned from the research part of this assignment, was simply the interviewing part to it. I was incredulous on how to go about approaching ten individuals and ask about their married life. Though in class we were instructed to approach everyone and introduce ourselves as students and ask the subject to help with our assignment. This seemed harder said than done. Lesson learned here was that even though you may have done excellent and extensive research on the topic sometime the actual act of getting answers may be hardest part. With all this said, a lesson that I learned about myself are a couple. Firstly, I learned that it is fine to not always know how to approach a hard topic that you cant relate with because it doesnt pertain to you, but this could be turned into an even better reason to tackle it on anyway just to be more self-aware on the matter. Another lesson I learned about myself came from the subjects that I interacted with and how everyone you encounter knows something that you do not know. At the end of each questionnaire I was able to have a fulfilling sense of accomplishment because I was holding information about people who I either knew or didnt know, and with this task done I was able to have a different perspective on the topic of marriage and people.ÂÂ   I learned that I have a way with speaking to people and despite being convinced that approaching others is not my strong suit, I did very well for my first time. The lesson I took away about myself was to give myself more credit whe n faced in these situations and never stop searching for answers no matter what my inner voice may negatively say to myself. All things considered, the total of answers put together as a class was not at all to shocking. Marriage seemed to be divided into an act that genuinely rooted from love and the other half seemed to have happened in order to benefit from what we know as The Marriage Premium which included happiness, health, and economic security. Though overall, there was much satisfaction from the marriages we surveyed, I still stand with my personal views on the matter. Marriage was an institution made up in a time where women had absolutely no status before the law and were merrily property. Why is that today in 2016, where we live in a modernized world with modern women and men, that we still have such an institution as this that still exists. When this institution was created, its sole purpose was for a woman to make a living and be able to stand up on her own, therefore, a woman could not afford not to get married. After all, marriage to me is an understanding that in order to move up in life I must become a wife and be wed to a man. I dont buy into this whatsoever when we live in a world where women are continuing to fight for equal pay and rights. This to me is proof that marriage is a myth in order to keep women from rising to power and ultimately their true potential. Marriage to me equals control, and if Ive learned anything about the government system in the U.S; it is that control means a lot to those who obtain it and that is why the government practically pushes the population to marry in order to keep the control. This can easily be proved by the fact that governments give money and visas based on marriage. Marriage is a default option that must be taken down. To sum up, marriage is one of the many institutions pushed among us that must be teared down in order to build something new. If times are changing so must our ideas and the ways we approach things that will benefit everyone not just certain individuals who agree to take part of an institution that does not cover everyone. References Seccombe, Karen. Exploring marriages and families. Boston, MA: Allyn Bacon, 2012. Print.

The Acceptance of Digital Art Essay -- Art Technology Essays

The Acceptance of Digital Art Digital art has a fifty-year history of innovation and experimentation with new technology. The Pioneers of digital art were not artists but people who were exploring new visions through computers and the writing of computer programs. According to the Digital Art Museum, which is a joint venture between London Guildhall University and two independent art galleries, digital art can currently be classified according to three phases Phase I of digital art was from 1956-1986. The Paintbox Era, the second phase, lasted from 1986-1996. Art software became readily available and attracted more artists to the new media. Especially useful was the paint program and devices such as the scanner and film recorder. Phase III, 1996-2006, is called the Multimedia Era because of the increase in technology and Internet access allowing the digital media artist interactivity with many art forms. The widespread availability of computers and software has allowed the digital artist to create distinct ive works of art. Digital art is able to combine and transform more traditional types of art such as painting, sculpture, photography, animation and filmmaking. Digital technology allows the artist to create and manipulate color, images, and texture, instantly. Images can be made to appear, disappear and even combine or morph. The technological aspect of digital art often leads to questioning of whether or not it can be considered art. Digital art has been accepted and embraced by the commercial and entertainment industries for many years, but is finding it much harder to become part of the fine arts community. Digital art has many hurdles to overcome before it will be fully accepted by the mainstream tradit... ...ises the use of computer technology for creative expression but the main purpose is to create something aesthetically pleasing. If history is any example, then the acceptance of digital media art will be slow. Vincent Van Gogh was considered such a poor artist that he could not sell a painting in his lifetime. The Impressionists in general were laughed at and considered to be untalented artists and refused admission in the important galleries and exhibition of their times. Now these artworks sell for millions and are treasured in many museums. Photography has taken 150 years to achieve respectability in the fine art field. This art form faced many of the same problems as digital media art, ease of reproduction, use of new technology, and seeming lack of skill. With art, sometimes only time can tell what will be truly treasured by the next generations.

Medical Assistant Ethics

There are numerous ethical issues that a medical assistant may encounter in a daily office or hospital setting. It is unethical to have a conversation with a fellow coworker regarding a patient. The patient may overhear or worse they may be related to someone in the office. It is no one’s business as to why the patient had an appointment. Another unethical behavior that is unacceptable is foul language in front of the patients. They do not need to hear that kind of language under any circumstances. When a patient comes in to see you and smells of urine or alcohol, be courteous to the patient and do not judge the patient. This patient may not have the means to shower daily or they may be sick and are unaware of the odor. A good thing to remember when dealing with an ethical issue is always do the right thing at the right time and it will never become an issue. Medical Assistants need to put themselves into the shoes of the patient. They need to ask themselves, how would I want to be treated? How would I like to be recognized in the eyes of the health care worker? How would I want my family treated? In doing this little experiment on a daily basis they will come to realize that we all are human and need to be treated equally, no matter what the situation may be. The general skills of a Medical Assistant consist of basic customer service. They must be able to communicate between the doctors and the patients. They need to do this within the legal and ethical boundaries. Document every conversation because if it is not documented then the conversation never happened. Educate the patient within the scope of practice. Let the patient know of community resources for future reference of patients’ needs. Operational functions are also a part of the daily duties of a Medical Assistant. Performing inventory of supplies and equipment so items can be replenished. Doing these functions will always help in maintaining the highest quality of care for the patient. Clinical skills of the CMA of general patient care to make them as comfortable as possible. Many diagnostic procedures are required of the CMA; from collecting specimens to performing radiology tests. Fundamental principles consisting of sterilizing rooms and equipment are skills that a CMA will do daily. Doing these clinical skills while practicing standard precautions must be a high priority for everyone in the health care facility. Administrative skills are essential for a CMA to do the job that is required of them. It is all done via computer so there typing skills must be adequate for them to succeed. From patient schedules to bookkeeping to insurance forms, all is done on a daily basis. Licensure is when a government agency authorizes individuals to work in a job. A CMA does not need a license to work. Professions needing licenses are nurses and therapists. Registration is a professional organization in a specific health care field that administers exams and/or maintains a list of qualified individuals. CMA’s can apply for a registration credential. This would give them a better paying job and more responsibilities at their present facility. Certification involves the issuing of a certificate and credentials by a professional organization to someone who has met the experience and education guidelines of that organization. This basically tells everyone that you have finished your schooling for Medical Assisting. For a Medical Assistant to maintain his/her certification they must recertify either by passing the CMA exam again or by receiving sixty recertification points, thirty of which must be AAMA approved CEU’s. The points must be as follows 10 administrative, 10 clinical, 10 general and 30 from any combination of the above three categories. You must also submit proof (photocopy of the card and length of program) of current, provider level CPR certification. Continuing education units (CEU’s) can be received by reading online books and taking a test when finished. The AAMA sponsors many workshops, seminars, and county, state, and national conferences for MA’s to remain current in their field and earn the CEU’s. For the safety of the patient and employee, an MA should never perform any tasks that are outside the scope of the MA practice. Outside the scope of a Medical Assistant’s practice would be suturing a wound, administering a pap test for a female patient, or possibly giving the patient the diagnosis of the symptoms they are experiencing. A physician should never delegate the full range of physical therapy to anyone other than a physical therapist. Under no circumstances should the Medical Assistant do any duties that are outside their scope of practice. If I were approached by my supervisor to perform outside of my scope of practice, I would calmly and rationally refuse the request. I do not feel that any job is worth losing if you are asked to perform it wrong. I would explain to my supervisor politely that I am not qualified to perform the task asked and I would suggest someone else in the facility that is capable. I would let them know I would be willing to help out with any other task that is within my scope of practice. In order to find the article listed, I went to google. com and found an article from AAMA website on scope of practice act for Wisconsin. You can also go to AAMA website. Click on site map. Go to CMA today and scroll down. Click on Public Affairs Articles. Scroll down until you see the article found on google. If I were approached by a patient or a fellow coworker and referred to as a nurse, I would explain to them that I am a Medical Assistant and explain some of my job functions. I would let them know that there is a big difference and the title does need to be corrected. I would let them know that if I were to acknowledge the comment of being called a nurse, I could lose my job as well as my career. They may not understand that it is a very serious offense. I would explain them that the actual nurses would not be able to be titled as a doctor so the same holds true for me. When a medical assistant misrepresents herself/himself, they are in fact making the entire profession look bad in the eyes of the patient. The disciplinary results that could happen to the medical assistant are far greater than the prestige of stating you are who you are not. State disciplinary actions can result in fines and other criminal penalties. All office personnel should avoid referring to the medical assistant as a nurse also not just the patient. The doctor can also lose his career and/or a fine. I could lose my certification also.

Play dough activity Essay

I DISCUSSED WITH MY MANAGER THAT I WAS GOING TO CARRY OUT A PLAY ACTIVITY. THE PROJECT I HAVE CHOSEN TO DO IS THE MAKING OF PLAY DOUGH. I HAVE CHOSEN THIS ACTIVITY BECAUSE I FEEL THIS IS A GREAT PASTIME AND A GREAT EXPERIENCE BETWEEN ME AND THE CHILDREN. I SAY THIS BECAUSE THE CHILDREN CAN ACTUALLY TAKE PART IN THE MAKING OF THE PRODUCT. I THINK THIS ACTIVITY WILL HELP THEM TO LEARN ABOUT COLOURS, SHAPES†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. MY MANAGER CONFIRMED THE ACTIVITY AND SHE WAS REALLY PLEASED WITH IDEA AND SHE ALSO THOUGHT THIS WOULD BE A GREAT LEARNING EXPERIENCE FOR THE CHILDREN. I  ALREADY HAVE A RECIPE ON HOW TO DO PLAY DOUGH, BUT MY MANAGER CONFIRMED ONE MORE TIME ALL THE INGREDIENTS: FLOUR, FOOD COLOURING, SALT, OIL AND WATER. I MAKE THE PLAY DOUGH ACTIVITY WITH FOUR MONTESSORI CHILDREN. THE FIRST THING I DID IT WAS TO GET ALL MY MATERIALS READY: SMALL BASIN, LARGE SPOON, FLOUR, SALT, OIL, WATER, PAINT, SHAPE CUTTERS, ROLLING PIN. IN THIS ACTIVITY CHILDREN CAN DEVELOP MOTOR SKILLS -USING PLAY DOUGH HELPS A CHILD PRACTICE USING CERTAIN PHYSICAL SKILLS WITH THE HANDS WHEN THEY MANIPULATE THE DOUGH WITH THEIR FINGERS. CHILDREN CAN PRACTICE SKILLS SUCH AS PINCHING, SQUEEZING OR POKING WHILE THEY  PLAY WITH THE DOUGH. COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT-USING PLAY DOUGH HELPS A CHILD PRACTICE USING IMAGINATION AND OTHER COGNITIVE ABILITIES SUCH IMITATION, SYMBOLISM AND PROBLEM SOLVING. THIS HELPS THE CHILD LEARN MORE ABOUT HIS ENVIRONMENT AS HE MAKES AND MIMICS EVERYDAY OBJECTS WITH THE PLAY DOUGH. EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT-USING PLAY DOUGH MAY HELP A CHILD TO CALM DOWN WHEN FRUSTRATED OR ANGRY. HOLDING AND SQUEEZING THE PLAY DOUGH CAN PRODUCE A CALMING EFFECT ON THE CHILD AND IS USEFUL FOR TEACHING ANGER MANAGEMENT SKILLS. ADDITIONALLY, CHILDREN MAY FEEL MORE COMFORTABLE EXPRESSING THEMSELVES  IN OTHER WAYS WHILE THEIR HANDS ARE BUSY. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT-USING PLAY DOUGH MAY HELP A CHILD DEVELOP SOCIAL SKILLS AS SHE PLAYS ALONG WITH OTHER CHILDREN WITH THE DOUGH. ADDITIONALLY, MAKING PLAY DOUGH IS AN OPPORTUNITY FOR A CHILD TO PRACTICE COOPERATION AND SHARING WITH A CAREGIVER. PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT. USING PLAY DOUGH MAY HELP A CHILD TO DEVELOP MOTOR SKILLS NEEDED FOR WRITING AND DRAWING. LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT. BECAUSE OF THE INTERACTIVE NATURE OF PLAY DOUGH USE, CHILDREN NEED TO LISTEN, UNDERSTAND THE COMMUNICATION OF OTHERS, SPEAK, AND  PRACTICE THEIR ORAL COMMUNICATION SKILLS AS THEY MOLD AND MANIPULATE THEIR PLAY DOUGH CONSTRUCTIONS. SCIENCE UNDERSTANDINGS. THE TACTILE EXPERIENCE OF MANIPULATING PLAY DOUGH HELPS CHILDREN DEVELOP A DEEPER UNDERSTANDING OF HOW MATTER CHANGES (PHYSICS) AND ENCOURAGES THEM TO USE SCIENTIFIC THINKING AS THEY OBSERVE CHANGES, MAKE PREDICTIONS, AND TALK THROUGH DIFFERENCES IN THE MATERIALS THEY ARE USING. MATHEMATICS CONCEPTS. MIXING UP A NEW BATCH OF PLAY DOUGH WITH ADULTS IS ONE WAY IN WHICH PLAY DOUGH ENGAGES CHILDREN IN MATHEMATICAL LEARNING AS THEY MEASURE AND COUNT RECIPE INGREDIENTS. DISCUSSIONS ABOUT SHAPE, RELATIVE SIZE (GREATER THAN, EQUAL TO, OR LESS THAN), HEIGHT, LENGTH, AND WEIGHT PROVIDE ADDITIONAL OPPORTUNITIES FOR CHILDREN TO DEVELOP MATHEMATICAL UNDERSTANDINGS. LITERACY LEARNING. WHEN PAPER AND WRITING UTENSILS ARE ADDED TO THE PLAY DOUGH AREA, CHILDREN CAN MAKE SIGNS, LABELS, AND CREATE STORIES RELATED TO THEIR PLAY EFFORTS. EXPLORING AND THINKING- CHILDREN USED THEIR SENSES, THEIR MINDS AND THEIR BODIES TO FIND OUT ABOUT AND MAKE SENSE OF WHAT THEY SEE. THEY USED THE IMAGINATION TO CREATE NEW SHAPE OR DIFFERENT MONSTERS FROM PLAY DOUGH; THEY  ARE IMITATING IN SPECIAL THE MOTHERS IN THE KITCHEN WHEN ARE COOKING; ARE MAKING GESTURES AS ADULTS ;ARE PLAYING AND TALKING ABOUT THE EXPERIENCE. IDENTITY AND BELONGINGS-CHILDREN BUILD RESPECTFUL RELATIONSHIPS WITH OTHERS; THEY EXPRESS THEIR OWN IDEAS, PREFERENCES AND NEEDS, AND HAVE THESE RESPONDED TO WITH RESPECT AND CONSISTENCY; THEY FEEL THAT THEY HAVE A PLACE AND A RIGHT TO BELONG TO THE GROUP; WELL-BEING-IN THE PLAY ACTIVITY CHILDREN WERE HAPPY AND PLAYFUL; THEY WERE INTERACTING TO EACH OTHER; THE GROUP ACTIVITY MAKE THEM FEEL COMFORTABLE AND CONTENTS. COMMUNICATION-CHILDREN USED A RANGE OF BODY MOVEMENTS, FACIAL EXPRESSIONS, AND EARLY VOCALISATIONS TO SHOW FEELINGS AND SHARE INFORMATION; THEY INTERACT WITH OTHER CHILDREN BY LISTENING, DISCUSSING AND TAKING TURNS IN CONVERSATION; CHILDREN USED LANGUAGE WITH CONFIDENCE AND COMPETENCE FOR GIVING AND RECEIVING INFORMATION, THEY ASKED QUESTIONS AND REQUEST TOO. THROUGH THIS ACTIVITY I FOUND THE CHILDREN HAD GREAT FUN. CHILDREN WERE VERY EXCITED ABOUT THE FACT THAT THEY WERE GOING TO HELP ME MAKE THE PLAY DOUGH. THEY WERE FULL OF ALL DIFFERENT QUESTIONS. OVER ALL I FELT THE ACTIVITY WENT VERY WELL

Juliet Character study Essay

Juliet is 13 going on 14 on the first of August. Juliet is a Capulet, and Capulets hate Montegues. Juliet lives with her parents, Lord and Lady Capulet and is cared for by her Nurse, all of whom are very protective of her. Capulet explains to Paris â€Å"My Child is yet a stranger in the world. † Act 1 Sc2 l8. Juliet is of a high status, mainly because of her family name. Juliet’s parents are extremely protective of her, they will not let her out of the house with out the nurse or one of the servants with her, this is because she is an only child † Earth hath swallowed all my hopes but she. † Act1 Sc2 L14. It was common in the time the play was set for Juliet to be already married, Lady Capulet comments about this near the beginning of the play, she comments on how she was married and had Juliet when Lady Capulet was Juliet’s age. From Act 1 Scene 5 it is evident that Juliet has never flirted before, because she is too forward, this is shown when she kisses Romeo, but she does show signs of hiding her feelings in the same scene, Juliet tells the Nurse to ask for peoples names who are at the ball and comes to Romeo last to try and make it not look too obvious. I have also learnt from Act 2 scene 2 that she is very practical, when she Romeo climbs up to her balcony she says â€Å"If they do see thee, they will murder thee. † Act2 Scene2 L70. Juliet is also very honest about how she feels and gets offended when Romeo says that he loves her and he swears by the moon. Act2 Sc2 L107-111. Juliet is also very certain of things and asks Romeo to marry her and she asks him to do all the arrangements Act 2 Sc2 L142-170. During the Play, Romeo has always tried the art of Poetry with women to get them to take to his fancy. Act1 Sc1 L165-176. Juliet doesn’t like this Act2 Sc6 L30-34, but Juliet does say that her love for Romeo has grown so much that it doesn’t even add up to half her wealth. Juliet doesn’t like her love to be sworn on things she just wants love to be shown. Act2 Sc2 L107-116. The factor in the play I find very peculiar is Juliet’s awareness that her love with Romeo is some how unethical there love actually is. In Act3 Scene5 Ln54-57 Juliet is saying that in the future she can see herself looking down into Romeo’s grave. This is ironic because this does actually happen When the play first started I thought that Juliet was a good little girl and seemed to be very obedient, towards both parents, because when Lady Capulet asks Juliet if she’ll marry Paris she says that if she likes Paris then she shall marry him, but I won’t involve myself any further without you consent. Act1 Sc3 L97-99. When Juliet started to change character Act3 Sc5 to me it seemed very unusual, before this scene she seemed very obedient, but then she just stopped, I do understand why though, she was already to married to Romeo and didn’t want to betray him by marrying County Paris. This shows despite all the things she has been through Juliet still stays Loyal to Romeo. The effect this had on Juliet’s relationship with her parents was catastrophic, her parents wanted to disown her, from her heritage â€Å"Hang thee young baggage, disobedient wretch! † Act3 Sc5 Ln160. Juliet’s parents were very unfair, cursing her, saying that they didn’t want anything to do with her any more, through out their speeches. An attribute I like about Juliet is her cunning, in they way that when after this scene, when she visits Friar Laurence and then returns to her home, her Father asks her where she has been and she says she has been to confession and told Friar Laurence that she has repented for being disobedient. Act4 Sc2 Ln16-22. I think this is very ingenious, Juliet tells her Father that she had been to confesion when really she has been plotting to fake her own death. In Act3 Scene5 when Juliet is talking to her mother, she shows her cunning yet again, the way she uses a play on words to makes her mother think she is cursing Romeo when really. Act3 Sc5 Ln93-102. This also shows that Juliet is very intelligent by using these play on words. Juliet is fond of the Nurse who is always there with Juliet. Act1 Sc 3 L8-9. This is because the Nurse brought Juliet up just like a mother would. The Nurse was employed buy Lord and Lady Capulet as a Wet Nurse, this is because Ladies of Lady Capulet’s high status would never damage there bodies by breast feeding there child, and also it would disrupt her routine with having to wake up at all hours in the night to look after a baby. The Nurse did have a daughter, Susan, the same age as Juliet but unfortunately she died at an early age. There is no particular reason why the Nurse is still employed it is just the fact that Juliet has become attached to her and the fact that she can be used as a chaperone. The Nurse is like Juliet’s best friend and her go between with Romeo, Juliet tells the Nurse everything. In Act 2 Scene 5 Juliet goes through a range of emotions. Juliet finds the Nurse extremely frustrating and the Nurse is teasing Juliet, which provokes this, but Juliet uses her shrewdness to get what she wants in the end, the answer if Romeo will marry her. To me this shows their friendly relationship. At the end of Act3 Scene5 the Nurse betrays Juliet in a way, she doesn’t help Juliet when she really needs it and tells her to marry Paris and to forget about Romeo. Juliet reacted to this very badly, she curses the Nurse for abandoning her, and she says that’s she will leave to go to Friar Lawrence’s cell and if that fails then she will commit suicide. Juliet is an exceptionally strong character for her age, seeming she was kept away from outside life for years. Juliet stood up to her parents for what she believed was correct and disobeyed them, by not marrying Paris. Juliet was extremely brave when she faked her own death, although she was scared of numerous problems that she might face if the potion didn’t work. Juliet was scared that the Potion would kill her, that she would wake up and die of suffocation or she will wake up and Romeo will not be there and she would have to stay in the Crypt until he came. All she wanted to do is be with Romeo. In my own opinion I think Juliet has a great and exciting personality. She seems to me remarkably intelligent, emotionally strong, and very brave. From what Romeo has told us she looks beautiful Act1 Sc5 Ln41-50 and the fact that Paris fell in love with her straight away and died for her also means she looked very beautiful as well. I personally would have loved to meet her or to have a friendly conversation with her about her love with Romeo. My own attitude is if Juliet had never met Romeo I would think that she would have stayed obedient, because the fact that she would have been pressured by her family to marry Paris, I know that she wouldn’t be happy, because she said earlier in Act1 Scene3 that she would â€Å"Look to like if liking move, but no more deep will I endart mine eye than your consent gives strength to make it fly† If she did marry Paris it would have been really depressing for her and she wouldn’t feel anything for him. In my own opinion Juliet would become boring, she would just stay the same, and wouldn’t have strength in character. She would have lived the stereotypical life of a rich Veronese woman of high status, but even if she did live this life she would have lived a lot longer than if she had married Romeo.